What is Degenerative Disc Disease?
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is not actually a disease but a term used to describe age-related changes in the spinal discs. As we age, the discs between our vertebrae naturally wear down, losing water content and becoming thinner and less flexible.
These changes are a normal part of aging, but in some people, they can cause significant pain and functional limitations. The discs can develop tears in the outer layer, lose height, and become less effective at cushioning the spine.
While degenerative disc disease can occur anywhere in the spine, it most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) and neck (cervical spine). The condition typically starts in people in their 30s and 40s, though symptoms may not appear until later.
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms of degenerative disc disease can vary widely. Some people have minimal symptoms while others experience significant pain. Common symptoms include:
- Chronic low back or neck pain that comes and goes
- Pain that worsens with sitting, bending, or twisting
- Pain that improves with walking or changing positions
- Periods of severe pain followed by periods of less pain
- Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs (if nerves are compressed)
- Weakness in the leg muscles
How is Degenerative Disc Disease Diagnosed?
- Medical History: Discussion of your symptoms, their onset, and what makes them better or worse
- Physical Examination: Testing range of motion, reflexes, and neurological function
- MRI: Shows disc degeneration, disc height loss, and any nerve compression
- X-rays: Reveals disc space narrowing and bone spurs
- Discography (if needed): Special test to identify which disc is causing pain
Treatment Options
Non-Surgical Treatment
Most patients with degenerative disc disease find relief with non-surgical treatments:
- Physical Therapy: Strengthening core muscles and improving posture
- Medications: Anti-inflammatories, pain relievers, and muscle relaxants
- Lifestyle Changes: Weight management, smoking cessation, and ergonomic adjustments
- Injections: Epidural steroids or facet joint injections for pain relief
- Heat/Ice Therapy: To manage pain and reduce inflammation
Surgical Treatment
When conservative treatments don't provide adequate relief, surgical options include:
- Spinal Fusion: Joining two or more vertebrae to eliminate painful motion
- Artificial Disc Replacement: Replacing the degenerated disc while preserving motion
- Discectomy: Removing herniated disc material if present
Frequently Asked Questions
Is degenerative disc disease serious?
While the name sounds concerning, degenerative disc disease is a common age-related condition. Many people have disc degeneration without significant symptoms. For those with symptoms, most can be managed effectively with conservative treatment.
Can degenerative disc disease be reversed?
The degenerative process itself cannot be reversed, as discs have limited ability to heal. However, symptoms can often be effectively managed, and progression can be slowed with proper treatment, lifestyle modifications, and spine-healthy habits.
Will I definitely need surgery?
No. Most people with degenerative disc disease do not require surgery. Dr. Rastegar explores all conservative treatment options first. Surgery is considered only when non-surgical treatments have failed to provide adequate relief.
What can I do to prevent degenerative disc disease from getting worse?
Maintaining a healthy weight, staying active with low-impact exercise, practicing good posture, avoiding smoking, and using proper lifting techniques can all help protect your discs and minimize progression.